Obshtina Smolyan is deeply rooted in ancient history, with evidence of Thracian settlements from the Bronze Age, followed by Roman and Byzantine influences, and later becoming a crucial border region under Ottoman rule for nearly five centuries.

Geographically, the municipality is situated in the central and highest part of the majestic Rhodope Mountains, characterized by its dramatic karst formations, deep river valleys of the Cherna and Byala Rivers, and extensive coniferous forests.

The city of Smolyan, serving as the administrative center, is one of the highest towns in Bulgaria, nestled at an average altitude of 1,000 meters above sea level and comprising several distinct neighborhoods, which were once separate villages.

Tourism is the primary economic driver, heavily reliant on the internationally renowned Pamporovo ski resort, abundant opportunities for eco-tourism, hiking, and cultural tourism focusing on local traditions and historical sites.

The municipality's population has experienced a continuous decline since the late 20th century, a common demographic trend in many rural Bulgarian regions attributed to outward migration of younger generations seeking better economic prospects.

Obshtina Smolyan is celebrated for its distinctive Rhodope folklore, particularly its unique polyphonic singing tradition and the melancholic sound of the kaba gaida (bagpipe), which are integral to local identity and cultural events.

A major cultural highlight is the National Folklore Fair "Rozhen," held every four years in the nearby Rozhen Meadows, attracting thousands of performers and visitors to showcase Bulgarian folklore, music, dance, and traditional crafts.

Key natural landmarks within the municipality include the picturesque Smolyan Lakes (also known as Smolyan's Eyes), a chain of glacial lakes offering stunning views and diverse ecosystems popular for hiking and nature observation.

While Obshtina Smolyan itself does not contain a UNESCO World Heritage Site, the Rhodope Mountains are recognized for their outstanding natural beauty, biodiversity, and cultural significance, enhancing the region's appeal for nature lovers.

Historically, the Smolyan region served as a strategic buffer zone and a melting pot of cultures due to its position on imperial borders, contributing to the preservation of unique local customs and architectural styles.

The local cuisine is famous for its hearty traditional dishes, including "patatnik" (a baked potato dish with cheese and mint), "kachamak" (a type of cornmeal porridge), and various lamb and dairy products that reflect its pastoral heritage.

Beyond tourism, the economy relies significantly on timber processing due to the vast forest resources, small-scale agriculture primarily focused on potato and berry cultivation, and a limited presence of light manufacturing.

The Planetarium-Observatory in Smolyan is one of the largest and most modern in Bulgaria, serving as a significant scientific and educational center that attracts students and astronomy enthusiasts from across the country.

During the Bulgarian National Revival period (18th-19th centuries), many local monasteries and churches within the Smolyan region played a vital role in preserving Bulgarian language, culture, and Orthodox Christian identity against assimilation.

The municipality is characterized by its well-preserved traditional Rhodope architectural style, notably seen in many villages, featuring stone foundations, white-plastered upper floors, and distinctive heavy stone-slab roofs designed to withstand harsh mountain winters.